Introduction
to Entity Framework
ADO.NET Entity Framework is an Object/Relational Mapping
(ORM) framework that enables developers to work with relational database. It is
enabling developers to deal with data as objects and properties. Using the
Entity Framework, developers issue queries using LINQ, then retrieve and
manipulate data as strongly typed objects using C# or VB.Net.
The Entity Framework’s ORM implementation also provides services like change
tracking, identity resolution, lazy loading, and query translation so that
developers can focus on their application-specific business logic rather than
the data access fundamentals. ADO.NET Entity Framework is targeted for
developing Enterprise applications which can support MS SQL databases as well
as other databases like as Oracle, DB2, MySql and many more. To learn entity
framework first we need to know what is ORM. I am going to give the overview of
ORM
What is O/RM?
O/RM is an acronym that stands for object/relational mapping. Basically, an
O/RM framework is used to persist model objects in a relational database and
retrieve them. It uses metadata information to interface with the database.
This way, your data-layer code knows nothing about the database structure. The
O/RM tool becomes middleware that completely hides the complexity.
The heart of O/RM is the mapping—the mapping technique is what binds the
object and relational worlds. By mapping, you express how a class and its
properties are related to one or more tables in the database. This information
is used by the O/RM tool’s engine to dynamically build SQL code that retrieves
data and transforms it into objects. Similarly, by tracking changes to objects’
properties, it can use mapping data to send updates back to the database. The
mapping information is generally expressed as an XML file. As an alternative,
some O/RM tools use attributes on the classes and their properties to maintain
mapping data.
Advantage of Entity Framework
1.
Productivity
Entity Framework can take up to 35 percent of the
entire application code. It make the developer’s life easier than ever. In
spite of its limitations, the designer integrated into Visual Studio
dramatically simplifies the mapping process.
2.
Maintainability
Since you have the fewer lines of code to fetch
data from database,the fewer lines of code you have to maintain. This is
particularly true in the big projects.
3.
Performance
The complexity of O/RM introduces an obvious
slowdown in performance. In entity framework first request to fetch data is
little bit slow but after that is fast to fetch data from database.
Entity Framework Models
Microsoft’s Entity Framework evolved from a methodology known as Entity
Relationship Modeling (ERM). An ERM defines a schema of entities and their
relationships with one another. Entities are not the same as objects. Entities
define the schema of an object, but not its behavior. So, an entity is
something like the schema of a table in your database, except that it describes
the schema of your business objects. There are three models in the entity
framework:
1.
conceptual model
The conceptual model is where you describe the
model classes. This file is split into two main sections: the first is a
container that lists all the entities and the relationships that are managed by
Entity Framework, and the second contains a detailed description of their
structure.
2.
STORAGE MODEL
The storage model is the equivalent of the
conceptual model, but it describes the database organization. Not only is this
file conceptually similar to the previous one, but it also uses the same XML
nodes. Unlike the conceptual model, it isn’t possible to split this model into
several physical files. The first section of this file lists all the tables,
views, stored procedures, and foreign keys that are affected. The second
section describes the items listed in the first node.
Regarding tables and views, the columns and primary
keys are described. When it comes to stored procedures, input and output
parameters are described. The description of a foreign key contains information
about the table involved, the cardinality, and the delete and update rules.
3.
MAPPING MODEL
The mapping file is completely different. Its job
isn’t to describe something but to compensate for the differences that exist
between the two previous models. This is where the real magic of mapping
happens: you map a class to one or multiple tables, map one table to one or
multiple classes, define inheritance mapping, and map stored procedures for
both updates and object retrieval.
There is only one important node in this file: it
associates the class to a table and can be repeated more than once to ensure
that a class can be mapped against multiple tables, and vice versa. Like the
storage description file and unlike the conceptual file, the mapping file can’t
be split into multiple files.
In our daily life in IT industry, we build application for different
domains ex.: .Net, Java, etc- . Each application has to relationship
database management ex.: Sql Server, Oracle, etc.
If we consider using “.Net” technology, we need to atleast learn 2
different languages (C# and SQL) having different syntax, different type
systems, different UI tools, and different paradigm: Object vs.
Procedural. We must also learn set of classes and API for communicating
with the database i.e.: ADO.NET which is powerful but fragile and
time-consuming.
Using ADO.NET, we follow below process:
using (SQLConnection conn = new SQLConnection(“conn”);
{
// “conn” - Parameters loosely bound: -- Names, types, number of not checked until runtimeconn.Open();
SQLCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = “sp_StoredProc”;
cmd.parameters.AddWithValue(“@City”, “Mumbai”);
// ”@City” & “Mumbai” - Strings! No compile time check or Intellisenseusing (SQLDataReader rdr = cmd.ExecuteReader())
{
while (rdr.read())
{
string name = rdr.GetString(0);
--- Results are loosely type
string city = rdr.GetString(1);
--- Results are loosely type
}
}
}
The main issue so far was:
As shown in above figure, Objects and Relational Data are not related to each other and are not strongly bind with each other.
But, in Entity Framework:
Solution that Entity Framework provides:
1. Data access framework
2. Supports data-centric applications and services
3. Enables programming against a conceptual application Model
4. Enables independency of any data storage engine or Relational schema
Entity Framework Overview:
The ADO.NET Entity Framework seeks to remedy the problem by providing a
layer of abstraction between the logical data model and the application
domain.
Why Entity Model?
Entity Model is the model used by Entity Framework.
1. Closer to the application problem space
2. Better suited for object oriented programming
3. Supports Inheritance
4. Supports complex types
5. Relationships are more meaningful to the application
What is the Entity Framework?
Released in July 2008, EF is a data access framework from Microsoft that
helps bridge the gap between data structures and objects in your
applications.
Programming against a Model
1. EF uses a model called an Entity Data Model (EDM)
2. EDM is a client-side data model
3. EDM is an abstraction layer on top of the data storage
4. Remove the pain of a. Interacting with the data storage b. Translating the data into objects
What does it do?
1. Develop against conceptual view of your data, instead of data store itself
2. Automatically generates strongly-typed entity objects that can be
Customized beyond 1-1 mapping
3. Automatically generates mapping/plumbing code
4. Automatically translates LINQ queries to database queries
5. Automatically materializes objects from data store calls
6. Automatically tracks changes, generating updates/inserts
7. Delivers variety of visual modeling tools
What are Entities in Entity Framework?
1. Items described in the EDM are called entities
2. Entities have only properties but no behavior
3. Entities can have relationships with other entities
Entity Framework Architecture:
After having briefly taken a look at Entity data model, we will now get
into the details and understand the Entity Framework Architecture.
The above figure architecture, it comprises following layers:
Data Provider:
This is the lowest layer which translates the common SQL languages such
as LINQ via command tree to native SQL expression and executes it
against the specific DBMS system.
Entity Client:
This layer exposes the entity layer to the upper layer. You can write
code to query data using Entity SQL an entity aware language. The entity
model is mapped to the database table via mapping specification
language and mapping engine. In essence, the entity client provides the
ability for developers to work against entities in the form or rows and
columns using entity SQL queries without the need to generate classes to
represent conceptual schema. The Entity Client shows the entity
framework layers which are the core functionality. These layers are
called as Entity Data Model as mentioned earlier. The Storage Layer
(.ssdl) contains the entire database schema in XML format. The Entity
Layer (.csdl) which is also an XML file defines the entities and
relationships. Within the application you always work with Conceptual
Layer. For this you can use: Entity SQL, LINQ to Entities (Another
Language Integrated Query Facility), Object Services. The Mapping layer
(.msl) is an XML file that maps the entities and relationships defined
at conceptual layer with actual relationships and tables defined at
logical layer. The Entity Framework uses all the three XML files to
create, update, delete and read operations against entities and
relationships. It also supports mapping entities to stored procedures in
the data source. The Metadata services which is also represented in
Entity Client provides centralized API to access metadata stored in the
.csdl, .ssdl, .msl. Object Services: This is the ORM layer of Entity
Framework. It represents the data result to the object instances of
entities. This services provides rich ORM features like primary key
mapping , change tracking etc… Both LINQ and Entity SQL could be used to
write query. Within the Object Services layer is the ObjectContext
which represents the session of interaction between the applications and
the data source. You will primarily use the ObjectContext to query,
add, delete instances of entities and to save the changed state back to
the database. The Entity Framework uses all the three XML files to
create, update, delete and read operations against entities and
relationships. It also supports mapping entities to stored procedures in
the data source. The Metadata services which is also represented in
Entity Client provides centralized API to access metadata stored in the
.csdl, .ssdl, .msl.
Object Services:
This is the ORM layer of Entity Framework. It represents the data result
to the object instances of entities. This services provides rich ORM
features like primary key mapping , change tracking etc… Both LINQ and
Entity SQL could be used to write query. Within the Object Services
layer is the ObjectContext which represents the session of interaction
between the applications and the data source. You will primarily use the
ObjectContext to query, add, delete instances of entities and to save
the changed state back to the database.
The three parts of Entity Data Model:
Set of objects that describe structure of your business data and map to your underlying data store
The .edmx file is really a combination of three EDM metadata files: the
conceptual schema definition language (CSDL), store schema definition
language (SSDL), and mapping specification language (MSL) files.
Review
ADO .NET Entity Framework
The EDM within the EF:
1. Automatically generates classes from the model
2. Takes care of all of the database connectivity
3. Provides common query syntax for querying the model
4. Provides a mechanism for tracking changes to the model's
When your EDM is created, a file is also added to the project that is
auto-generated by a Tool called the EntityModelCodeGenerator, which is
used by the ADO.NET Entity Data Model Designer. This tool is called by
the Entity Data Model Wizard when you generate your EDM. The file that
is created has a file name patterned after the name of your model with
the extension of designer.cs. Thus, if you name your model EFDemo, this
file will be called EFDemo.Designer.cs. By expanding the different
regions in this file you will notice that this file is made up of
partial classes that define the contexts and entities used by the EDM.
In the Contexts region you will find a partial class that inherits from
the ObjectContext class, used to provide facilities for querying and
working with entity data as objects
Entity Framework Backend
1. The model doesn't have any knowledge of the data storage
2. The backend data storage has no impact on your model or your code
3. Uses a provider model to interact with the data storage
4. Available providers: a. SQL Server b. Oracle c. MySQL d. Many more
Query Options
Three kinds of queries in EF
1. LINQ to Entities
2. Entity SQL with Object Services
3. Entity SQL with Entity Client
Entity Framework 4.0 Features
1. Plain Old CLR Objects (POCO) support
2. Model-First Support
3. Deferred Loading of Related Objects
4. Functions in LINQ to Entities Queries
5. Plurality Naming Support
6. Complex Type Support
Tips to improve Entity Framework Performance
LINQ to Entity is a great ORM for querying and managing
database. It offers a lot of things, so it is mandatory to know about
performance of it. These are right up to a certain point as LINQ comes with its
own penalties. There are some tips and tricks that we should keep in mind while
designing and query database using entity framework ORM. Here is a list of some
tips that I would like to share with you.
1.
Avoid to put all the DB Objects into One Single
Entity Model
Entity Model specifies a single unit of work, not
all our database. If we have many database objects that are not connected to
one another or these (log tables, objects used by batch processes, etc.) are
not used at all. Hence these objects are consuming space in the memory and
cause performance degrades. So try to make separate entity models of related
database objects.
2.
Disable change tracking for entity if not needed
Whenever you retrieve the data only for reading
purpose, not for modification then there is no need of object tracking. So
disable object tracking by using MergeOption as below:
1. NorthwindDataContext context = new NorthwindDataContext();
context.tblCities.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking;
This option allows us to turn off the object cache
and unnecessary identity management of the objects.
3.
Use Pre-Generating Views to reduce response time
for first request
When the object of ObjectContext is created first
time in the application, the entity framework creates a set of classes that is
required to access the database. This set of classes is called view and if your
data model is large then creating the view may delay the web application
response to the first request for a page. We can reduce this response time by
creating view at compile time by using T4 template or EdmGen.exe command-line
tool.
4.
Avoid fetching all the fields if not required
Avoid fetching not required fields from the
database. Suppose I have table of Customer with 20 fields and I am interested
only in three fields - CustomerID, Name, Address then fetch only these three
fields instead of fetching all the fields of the Customer table.
1. //Bad Practice
2. var customer =
3. (from cust in dataContext.Customers
4. select cust).ToList();
5. //Good Practice
6. var customerLite =
7. (from cust in dataContext.Customers
8. select new {
9. customer. CustomerID,
10. customer.Name,
11. customer.Address
12. }). ToList ();
5.
Choose appropriate Collection for data
manipulation
In linq we have Var, IEnumerable, IQueryable, IList
type collection for data manipulation. Each collection has its importance and
performance impact on the query, so beware of using all these collection for
data manipulation. For learning difference among all these collection refer my
articles
IEnumerable
VS IQueryable,
IEnumerable
VS IList and
Var
VS IEnumerable.
6.
Use Compiled Query wherever needed
Make a query to compiled query if it is frequently
used to fetch records from the database. This query is slow in first time but
after that it boosts the performance significantly. We use Compile method of
CompiledQuery class for making compiled query.
Suppose you required to retrieve customers details
again and again based on city then make this query to compiled query like as
1. // create the entity object
2. NorthwindEntities mobjentity = new NorthwindEntities();
3. //Simple Query
4. IQueryable lstCus = from customer in mobjentity.tblCustomers
5. where customer.City == "Delhi"
6. select customer;
7. //Compiled Query
8. Func> compiledQuery
9. = CompiledQuery.Compile>(
10.(ctx, city) =>from customer in ctx.Customers
11.where customer.City == city
12.select customer);
In above query we are passing the string parameter
city for filtering the records. For more about
anonymous
method.
7.
Retrieve only required number of records
When we are binding data to grid or doing paging,
retrieve only required no of records to improve performance. This can achieved
by using Take, While and Skip methods.
1. // create the entity object
2. NorthwindEntities mobjentity = new NorthwindEntities();
3. int pageSize=10,startingPageIndex=2;
4. List lstCus = mobjentity.tblCustomers.Take(pageSize)
5. .Skip(startingPageIndex * pageSize)
6. .ToList();
8.
Avoid using Contains
In LINQ, we use contains method for checking
existence. It is converted to "WHERE IN" in SQL which cause
performance degrades.
9.
Avoid using Views
Views degrade the LINQ query performance costly.
These are slow in performance and impact the performance greatly. So avoid
using views in LINQ to Entities.
10. Debug
and Optimize LINQ Query
If you want to debug and optimize your query then
LINQ Pad is a great tool for this purpose. It is very useful for query
construction, debugging and optimization.
1. IQueryable lstCus = from customer in mobjentity.tblCustomers
2. where customer.City == "Delhi"
3. select customer;
4. lstCus.Dump();
Dump method of LINQ Pad give the result of above
query in the result window.
